Unit 16 - Analyse of development

In camera editing

This is a technique of video production and in which a camera shoots shots in the exact order they will be shot in. It is done by switching on and off the camera. This makes editing easier as the editing is already complete when the film is complete. This technique was used a great deal in the early days of filming making before splicing had been introduced.  The video provided is a good example of in camera editing. This type of technique is easier and quicker to use as you don't need a computer to add affects as it already looks like it has been done. Because this technique is simple to use it is popular with new students who may not have much experience with editing.



Following action

This is when in films we would be following the action that we are watching. As an audience when we are watching an intense fight scene we do not want to miss anything so this techniques benefits the audience as we aren't missing a thing. There will be more than one camera filming these scenes when the fighting is happening so the camera are able to capture it for us. This would also give us more depth as we are watching the fight scene from multiple cameras rather than one shot. This technique makes the audience more excited to what they are watching.




Multiple POV'S

Multiple points of views are used to switch between two characters to show different points of views. This is used to make a scene look more important and interesting to the audience watching the scene. When shooting a multiple POV the camera is positioned between a shot of character looking at something and the characters reaction. It is good to use as the audience can get more into the scene and the film. This shot from the scene of goodfellas shows the man walking around looking at the people, it makes us the audience think that they are looking at us. Its a good point of view because it looks like we are seeing through his eyes.


Shot variation

This is when we see a film shooting a variety of different shots. The shots that are used are long shot, close up and extreme close up. Long shot (LS): gives a full picture of the subject, showing fully what it is, for example if it is a person in the shot then we will be able to see all of the person.Medium shot (MS): a medium shot doesn't show as much as the long shot but it isolates the subject from the background, it is often used to focus on one part of something such as instead of focusing on a whole building like an LS, it would focus on an entrance. With people it would show them from about the waist up.
Close-up: a close up is just a shot that zooms right in on the subject, it is a powerful shot because the subject fills the screen bringing the audience closer to it. With people it would zoom in right on their face.
Extreme long shot: just a variation of the long shot which films the subject from even further away, it is often used as an establishing shot to set the scene.

Mainuplation of diegetic space and time

This is when an edit is made to make a person, enviornment or object is changing over time. It is meant to one of the three things getting older or younger so the audience can know what is happening. It allows the audience to see a time change visibly.  The time scene from Harry potter is a good example of this technique as we see Harry and Hermoine go back and time and we know they are going back in time with the use of sound and editing used. 



Film

Film editing is an essential part of the film industry and has developed greatly over the years. Film editing is used to help a film convey a story with the use of the many techniques and camera angles which help portray elements of the film in a certain way. It is also used to shorten the process of filming the actual film because you can film all the shots in one location at once, even if they are not in order, and then piece them together afterwards so it is all in the correct order. Film editing is a much longer process than just video editing. Also because films are on for more then one hour there are more people needed in the process of the film. It has now been replaced with a memory card. 


Video

Video editing can mean a video of any length and is often used more as practice for full film editing. It includes the same things such as telling a story with camera angles, techniques and shots and can give you experience in how to make a good edit.

o editing can mean a video of any length and is often used more as practice for
Analogue 

Analogue editing was what used before film turned into digital editing. Before computers were used analogue editing was done by hand. sYou had a copy of the positive film where all the footage went onto when it was filmed. They then took the film and cut it in different parts using a splicer and pasted it onto different pieces of film to create the cutaways. With analogue editing it then had to be fed through a machine, this shows how much the editing techniques has changed over the years how now it can all be done on a computer and no messing around is needed.

Digital 

Digital editing is the modern method of editing film + video. It is now all done on computers using software such as Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premier and iMovie. The footage is imported and all the clips can be accessed, they can they but on a timeline and placed in a specfic, you can add audio and add all sorts of effects to make the film as good as possible.

Unit 16 - Storyboard for editing techniques

Unit 16 - Analyse of purpose

Storytelling

Once all the footage has been filmed, the film does not become a story until the editor puts everything together.

Storytelling is a way to show people events by telling them or showing them different ways. But in this case storytelling is mostly told through movies, something we watch. The purposes of storytelling can vary from different things for example, it can romance, comedy, non - ficiton, real life events etc. These stories will also have elements such the plot of the story, the narrative within and the different points of view throughout the film.


When telling a story in a film there key shots that are always used to tell the story and for the audience to know what is happening. The first shot which is used is the establishing shot. This tells the viewer what is happening, who the character is, where they live and what is happening around the person. It gives the viewer an idea of what type of film they are watching and what it will be about.

Creating pace

Creating pace is when a film speeds up or slows down certain parts of the film. The pace changes in a movie to make the audience feel a certain way and understand the movie. For example, if the movie paces slows down which you would expect to see in a love or sad movie the pace will have longer cuts as it allows the audience to understand the characters and the scene.  However, if the movie paces picks up, which you would normally see in action movies there would be car chases, fighting or running as there would be scenes cutting quickly and moving to other shots to create a fast pace.





Combining shots into sequences

This is the process of placing shots together and making them flow together. It starts when all the shots have been edited, and once that is done they are placed into a sequence. The quality of the editing will determine how smoothly the sequence will flow. When combing shots into a sequence it must be invisible to the audience so they don't notice when it happens.


Development of drama

The way footage is edited can show the drama of the film. It is popular to use this with reaction shot to make the audience shock. For example, when a film is keeping  information is a good way to develop drama as we see the victims reaction and we also have our own reaction making us shocked, or scared. This is commonly used in horrors. Scream has used this in the phone call scene where they leave the audience questioning who is on the phone, who are they and why are they doing this. As it progresses we are fed little bits to help us understand before the drama comes making us feel what they want us to feel.



Creating motivation

This is a technique, where two shots are put together, which both provide pieces of information about what is happening within the scene, but you find out separately whats happening. So for example, a shot could be shown of a woman staring into the distance. The shot will cut to where the woman is looking at. This shows us what the woman is looking at and why she is looking there. 

Engaging viewer

Engaging the view is very important in a movie because it shows whether the audience are going to carry on watching the movie or if they are going to get bored of it and not continuing. There are different ways to engage a viewer but the genre that does it best is horror movies. For example, it's the little things that scare the viewers and makes them jumpy and not knowing what to expect next which makes the want to carry on and see what happens to the character.







Relationship to genre

When editing genres of film there are different conventions, techniques and styles to use to show us what type of genre we will be watching. It captures the audience's attention because if it turns out to be a genre they enjoy then they will watch it, because the techniques used are what draw them into watching it.

For example, action movies. They use fast paced editing because this is what the audience would expect from the film and because this is the nature of an action movie. Fast pace editing gives the audience a sense of danger but also excitement to know what will happen next. It's what makes them want to carry on watching and get them interested. Fast moving shots will always be used in action films because of the car chases, fight scenes, the violence and explosions. These will make the people watching it entertained. 'Fast and furious' is a film that uses a lot of quick shots, are fast paced moving to different shots rapidly. This builds up tension and also excites us because we want to know who will the race. It also shows close-up of the men faces as some of them we can see them looking determined to win, another looks worried that he will lose and another looks confident. This helps us to see what the character is thinking.


Romantic comedies are a genre that use slow pace editing. The editing is done this way so we can be more involved with the movie and also understand what is happening. This is because it focuses on a man and woman falling in love and the problems they go through. This type of genre needs to be slow because if the scene is sad it will make the audience cry at what is happening. A lot mid shots are also used in this genre to keep things neutral and to also show the two main characters body language towards each other. Unlike horrors and action movies when low and high shots are used this genre used eye line match to show the balanced relationship between the characters. There is no intimidating the character or looking superior. This type of genre will also focus more on setting the scene and the characters who the movie is based around on. An example of a movie is '6 years' this movie does a good job which the slow paced and the continuity of natural flow the scene has. 

Unit 16 - Preparing material for editing

Unit 16 - Evaluation of editing techniques

Study Session

 

















Parallel editing - This is alternating between two or more scenes that happen simultaneously but in different locations. 

We showed a parallel editing of me going up the lift and then it changing to Marcelo in the study room revising his book. 



Short-reverse-shot - is a technique which shows a conversation between two characters. This will show a character looking at another character and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character.

When me and my partner Marcelo were talking, we had our camerawoman Anastasia first show the camera on me talking to Marcelo than when he spoke it switched to me. Anastasia also used an over the shoulder when we were talking. 



180 degree - This rule states that the cameras should remain the same side of an imaginary line. It is perpendicular to the cameras viewpoint in the establishing scene. It enforces continuity within a film. 

After I sat down on the sofa and began talking to Marcelo, Anastasia began to move around me and Marcelo on our sides to show the 180 degree rule. 


Graphic shot - Graphic matches are useful in relating two otherwise disconnected scenes, or in helping to establish a relationship between two scenes.  By ending one shot with a frame containing the same elements (shape, colour, size, etc.) as the beginning frame of the next shot, a connection is drawn between the two shots with a smooth transition.

Because the beginning started of with a lift we thought a good graphic match would be a zipper. As the doors of the lift open we see Marcelo unzipping his coat. 



Match on action - this is an editing technique which is continuity editing in which one shot cut to another shot showing the action of a subject in the first shot. 

After I leave the lift I made my way to a door where it started from filming behind me to in front of me to show me entering the room. 

Unit 16 - Study session

Unit 16 - History of editing

Editing impacts in filming 


Edwin porter 

The Great Train Robbery not only was the first narrative film it also introduced several new editing techniques. For example, rather than staying on one set Edwin Porter took his crew to ten different locations. Edwin Porter had also included a scene in which he panned the camera to follow the characters as they ran across a creek and into the trees to fetch their horses. Another editing technique Edwin Porter introduced in The Great Train Robbery was crosscutting. Edwin Porter had made a big impact on the audience when it was released, as people had never seen anything like this before. It became a popular movie and entertained the audience, as the scenes were shocking to them seeing this.  Edison had made such an impact for his audiences as he was able to engage his audience into films as a story would from from these cuts.

D.W Griffith 

D.W Griffith realised that emotions can be portrayed though camera angles and pace of editing. He realised it wasn’t just the actors that could make the audience feel emotions when watching. The effect this had on the audience was because he found this out he could make them feel different emotions when they were watching films. This is because films at the time only usually used long shot. However D.W Griffith introduces close up were he showed his audience the actors/actresses face which made a big impact as he could make movies more entreating with the close up shot. D.W Griffth also introduced another editing technique was parallel editing or cross cutting in his film the brith of a nation were he constantly cuts between scenes to heighten tension. This made it more entertaining for audience as it would excite them to know what would happen in the movie and keep them on the edge of their seats wanting to know what happens. 

Sergei Eisenstein

Sergei Eisenstein was that he was the first ever director/editor to create and produce a propaganda film which he was Known for his use of montage, Eisenstein was capable of directing audience emotions through juxtaposition of images that would collectively bear a given meaning. This is one of the most celebrated scenes in the film is the massacre of civilians on the Odessa Steps. This scene has been described as one of the most influential in the history of cinema, because it introduced concepts of film editing and montage to cinema. That scene was a dramatic effect and made the audience tense in anticipation for what would happen.

Jean luc Godard 

Jean Luc Godard is known for his movie Breathless which is known for its style of editing, which made the jump cut popular and acceptable. Films at the time were expected to follow a smooth way of editing, with every cut following a pattern. However, Godard used unexpected, quick jumps in editing. Jean Godard made use of jump cuts when the actor Michel passes a lot of cars on the road. The audience are then given a POV shot from his point of view on the street were quickly passing car there after car were. Jean Godard then shows us the same action over and over again, without fluidity or polish which gives the audience a thrill as its something new for them to see as it was something different from what the other movies were doing at the time. 



Alfred Hitchcock 

Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho was the most famous murder scene due to Hitchcock using fast cut editing, montage cutting and inter cutting of slow motion. The famous shower scene in Psycho uses montage to hide the violence. You never see the knife penetrating the girl. The impression of violence is done with quick editing, and the killing takes place inside the viewer's head rather than the screen. The effect this had on the audience was suspense on the scene and waiting in anticipation to end up scaring them even if they didn’t see the murder they will jump in fright.